8.3 haha

Vocab: 8.3

non

Summary 8.3
The Calvin cycle is a step in photosynthesis. It is called a cycle because the starting material is regenerates each time the process occurs. The inputs of it is CO2, ATP, and NADPH, and the outputs are: G3P, NADP+, and ADP with a P. The overall equation for photosynthesis is:
6 CO2+6H2O -->-->--> C6H12O6+6O2

Concept Check: 8.3
1. What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH, Output: G3P, NADP+, and ADP with a P.
2. Which stage of photosynthesis uses each reactant from the overall photosynthsis equation? Which stage geneates each product from the overall photosynthesis equation?
Light reaction uses H2O, and Calvin cycle uses CO2. Calvin cycle generates the sugar, and light reaction generates oxygen.
3. Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?
Because the starting material is regenerated each time the process occurs.
4. What molecule is the direct product of photosynthesis? How is that molecule then used by plant cells?
Sugars, it is used in the plant's mitochondria to provide energy for the plant.

8.4

Vocab: 8.4

Carbon cycle:

the process by which carbon moves form inorganic to organic compounds and back.

Greenhouse effect:

The property that keeps the world climate warm enough for living things.

Concept Check: 8.4

1. Give an example of carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound in the carbon cycle. Give an example of carbon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound.
A buffalo eats organic compounds by eating producers, and then releases CO2, which is an inorganic compound, back into the atmosphere
2. How is carbon dioxide important to Earth's climate?

It keeps the Earth's climate warm enough for living things. For instance, if there is no CO2, then no living things would be alive on Earth.
Summary: 8.4
Photosynthesis has a global impact, it is because that photosynthesis releases the organic compounds and therefore creates the carbon cycle. It needs carbon dioxide to work, so in order to make it work, CO2 is needed, which creates greenhouse effect on Earth, and keeps the world warm enough for living things to survive.

8.2

Vocab: 8.2
Wavelengh:
The distance betwenn 2 adjacent waves
Electromagnetic spectrum:
The graph that shows the range of type of electomagnetic energy.
pigment:
Chemical compounds that a substance's colour is due to.
Paper chromatography:
Laboratory technique that can be used to observe the different pigments in a keaf.
Photosystems:
Clusters that chlorophyll and ofthe molecules are arranged in.

Summarize: 8.2
The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy. Wavelenghs are the distance between 2 adjacent waves and if you put them in a order, then you'll get a electromagnetic spectrum. Pigments make the colour of a substance, and can be seen with the lab experiment known as the paper chromatography. When sunlight comes, clusters of pigments form photosystems to receive the energy, and later used to make ATP and NADPH.

Concept Check: 8.2
1. Explain why a leaf appear green.
Because there is pigments in them.
2. Describe waht happens when a molecule of chlorophylla a absorbs light.
It traps the excited electron,
3.Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced byt he light reaction.
ATP and NADPH.
4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reaction take place?
Photosystems.

8.1 haha

Vocab: 8.1

Choloplast:
Cellular organelle where photosynthsis takes place.
Chlorophylls:
Chemical compounds that give chloroplasts green color.
Stroma:
Thich fluid that the inner membrane encloses.
Thylakoid:
Disk-shaped sacs in stroma.
Light reactions:
Process that convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy.
Calvin cycle:
Process that makes suger from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons.

Summerize: 8.1
Photosynthesis used light energy to make food, and it takes place in a chloroplast. Plants are green because of the chlorophylles in chloroplasts. Same as a motpchomdrion, a chloroplast has inner and outer membranes too, and there is fluid in the inner membrane also. But it is not called matrix, it's called stroma. Within the stroma, there are round sacs that someof the steps of photosynthesis take place in, known as thylakoids. These sacs stack themselves together to form a grana. Unlike cellular respiration, photosynthesis "boosts up" the electron to make glucose instread of electron "falling" to produce ATP.
There are two steps in photosynthesis, one is the light reaction and the other is the Calvin cycle. Light reaction's target is to convert energy in sunlight into chemical energy, while the Calvin cycle makes glucose from carbon dioxides with the hydtrogen ions and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
Concept Check: 8.1
1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stoma, thylakoids.
---------Outer membrane-->-_______________________________
-----------------------------------/----__________________________---\
----------------------------------/----/------------------------------------------\---\
---------------------------------/----/-------<==>------------------------------\---\
--------------------------------/----/--------<==>---------- --<==>------------\-<-\----------Inner membrane
-------------------------------/----/---------<==>-<==>---- <==>-------------\---\
-------------------------------\----\--------/-<==>-<==>----<==>-----<------/---/----------stroma
--------------------------------\----\------/--<==>-<==>----<==>------------/---/
---------------------------------\----\----/---<==>-<==>----<==>-----------/---/
----------------------------------\----\--/------------<==>----<==>----------/---/
-----------------------------------\----\/________<==>_____________/---/
------------------------------------\__/___________________________/
---------------------------------------/
----------------------------------Thylakoid
2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
The reactants for photosynthesis is Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. It's products are glucose and oxygen.
3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
The two main stages are: light reaction and Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle requires two inputs supplied by the light reaction.

Chapter 5 review

1. Which of the following is not an organic molecule? c. water
2. Which of the following terms includes all the other terms in this list? b. Carbohydrate
3. Which term is most appropriate to describe a molecule that dissolves easily in water?
d. organic
4. Cholesterol is an example of what kind of molecule? b. lipid
5. The 20 amino acids vary only in their b. side groups.
6. A specific reactant an enzyme acts upon is called the a. Catalyst
7. An enzyme does which of the following? b. lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
8. Besides satisfying your hunger, why else might you consume a big bowl of pasta the night before a race?
I might consume a big bowl of pasta for energy, proteins, minerals, etc for the night before the race.
9. How are glucose, sucrose, and starch related?
They are all polysaccharides.
10.What are steroids? Describe two functions they have in cells.
Steroids are lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings. The two functions are: 1. estrogen. 2. testosterone.
11.. How are polypeptides related to proteins?
polypeptides are the things that make proteins and polypeptides are made out of amino acids.
12. How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function?
It affects the protein by making it lose it's normal shape.

14. a. One product of the reaction is represented by a question mark. which molecule is it?
Water molecule.
b. Whit is this kind of reaction called? Explain
It is called a dehydration reaction. de means to remove and hydro means water. so it means the reaction that removes water.
c. If an amino acid were added to this chain, at what two places could it attach?
1. it could attach at the ____H part
____________________________-\
______________________________N
_____________________________/
___________________________H
2. it could ba also attached at the
___________________O
__________________// part.
_________________C
__________________\
__________________-OH

15. a. At which temperature does enzyme A perform best? Enzyme B?
At about 36 degrees is when enzyme A perform best. At about 76 degrees is when enzyme B perform best
b. knowing that one of these enzymes is found in humans and the other in thermophilic(heat-loving) bacteria, hypothesize which enzyme came from which organism.
Enzyme A should be found in humans and enzyme B should be found in thermophilic bacteria.
c. Propose a hypothesis that explains why the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A slows down at temperatures above 40 °C.
It lowers down because it has finished it's reaction and it starts to cool down.

5.1

Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules, Most carbo-based molecules are classified as organic molecules and non-carbon-based molecules are classified as inorganic molecules. Carbon can bond with atomes of other elements such as water, and molecules that are composed of only water and carbon are called hydrocarbons. Monomers are large molecules that are built from many similar molecular units, and polymers are long chains of monomers.

1. Draw a molecule that has a three-carbon skeleton and a hydroxyl group on the middle carbon.

(I stands for bonds)

______H_____H__-__H

____ ┃____ I_ I

H ----- C ------- C--------C -------- OH

_____I___ _I___ _I
______H___ _H___ _H

2. Explain the connection between monomers and polymers.

Monomers are smaller molecular units, and polymers are made of monomers.

3.What molecule is released during constuction of a polymer? What is this reaction called?

Each time a monomer is added to a chain, a water molecule would be released, and this is called a dehydration reaction.

4. Draw at least three ways in which five carbon atoms could be joined to make different carbon skeletons.

1. ___________H _____H____ H_____ H_____ H
_____________I______I______I_____ _I_____ I_
_______H ----- C -------- C--------C -------- C-------C-------OH
_____________I_______I_____I_______I_____I__
____________H______ H____ H______ H____ H

2.

_______CH2OH

_________

_________C-----------------------O

___H___ /_I_______________ \_____ H

____\__ /_ H _______________\ ____/

_____\ /____________________ \__ /

_____C_____________________ C

____/ __\ __OH _________ H ___/_ \

___/____ \__I____________I___ /___ \

_HO____ \_I___________ _I__ /____ OH

_________C---------------------C

_________I______________I_

________H_____________OH

3.

__-__H___ H__ O---- H--- H

--------I-------I----II-----I------I---

H-----C-----C--- C-----C----C----H

--------I------I------------I-----I--

-------H ----H ----------H ---H

5.5 abc

How an enzyme work.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells.

For a chemical reaction to occur, you need to provide it a "start-up" energy, and it is called activation energy. To make a chemical reaction occur easier, we have enzymes that can lower the activation energy and make it easier.

For making a enzyme work, eveery kind of enzyme is in a specific shape that can only fit the specific molecule, and when the reactants come in, it makes the reactants bind to it, then turn it into the products.

1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enzyme affect activation energy?

The role of activation energy in a reaction is like a barrier between the reactants and the products, and an enzyme effects the activation energy by lowering the activation energy.

2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.

A way that an enzyme lower activation energy is by accepting two reactants into the adjacent sites. and makes them react more easily.